A inflamação é uma resposta fisiológica natural e fundamental do organismo face a uma agressão como uma infeção ou uma lesão física. No entanto, caso esse mecanismo deixe de ser transitório e auto-limitado e passe a uma condição crónica, pode aumentar o risco de doenças crónicas . Por outro lado, o risco de doenças cardiometabólicas está fortemente associado a uma alimentação pouco saudável (ingestão elevada de gorduras saturadas, hidratos de carbono refinados e bebidas açucaradas e uma ingestão baixa de cereais integrais, frutos e vegetais), o que pode contribuir para uma inflamação pós-prandial (após uma refeição) elevada .
Tanto a hiperglicemia como a hiperlipidemia, os quais são fatores de risco independentes de doença cardiovascular, aumentam a inflamação pós-prandial, a qual está também associada a um risco superior de doença cardiovascular . Após uma refeição rica em gorduras saturadas e hidratos de carbono refinados há um aumento excessivo de glicose e ácidos gordos livres em circulação. Ao serem metabolizados pelas células, ultrapassam a capacidade das mitocôndrias de produzir energia, o que leva a stress oxidativo, o qual ativa vias inflamatórias .
A inflamação pós-prandial contribui também para um aumento da inflamação crónica de baixo-grau . Nesse sentido, a identificação de estratégias nutricionais que possam contribuir para reduzir a inflamação pós-prandial poderá ser importante na prevenção de doenças cardiometabólicas.
Embora existam vários estudos que procurem identificar a relação entre diferentes alimentos e a inflamação pós-prandial (após uma refeição), os resultados desses estudos são heterogéneos, o que pode ser explicado pelos marcadores tradicionalmente utilizados para avaliar a inflamação (CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, etc.), uma vez que estes têm uma grande variabilidade. Um dos marcadores mais recentes que aparenta ser muito mais fiável enquanto marcador inflamatório pós-prandial é a acetilação de glicoproteína (GlycA). Antes deste marcador ser conhecido, nenhum outro era responsivo de forma consistente aos alimentos, estável entre indivíduos e clinicamente relevante . Além de ser um marcador mais fiável de inflamação sistémica, níveis elevados de GlycA parecem estar relacionados com um risco superior de mortalidade, diabetes tipo 2, doenças cardiovasculares, fígado gordo e alguns cancros .
Com base no marcador GlycA, um estudo recente de grandes dimensões avaliou a inflamação pós-prandial, procurando identificar os contributos dos níveis de açúcar ou de gordura no sangue para a inflamação sistémica e consequentemente para o risco de doenças crónicas. Liderado pela investigadora Sarah Berry, o estudo PREDICT convidou 1.002 adultos saudáveis que participam do programa de pesquisa PREDICT. Todos receberam duas refeições padronizadas para consumir, cada uma contendo quantidades precisas de gordura, hidratos de carbono, fibra e proteína: pequeno-almoço (um muffin e um milkshake) e merenda 4 horas depois (um muffin).
Os pesquisadores colheram amostras de sangue dos participantes antes da refeição matinal e em nove momentos ao longo do dia. Estes foram então analisados para medir os níveis de gordura e açúcar no sangue, juntamente com os níveis de dois marcadores de inflamação, interleucina 6 (IL-6) e acetilação de glicoproteína (GlycA). Os pesquisadores também reuniram dados detalhados sobre a saúde dos participantes, incluindo informações sobre sua dieta típica, uma amostra fecal para análise da microbiota e exame de gordura corporal. Alguns resultados do estudo:
- As alterações nas concentrações de GlycA e IL-6 foram altamente variáveis entre os participantes;
- Ambos os picos na concentração de glucose e triglicéridos no sangue estiveram associados a um aumento de GlycA, no entanto, os níveis de triglicéridos tiveram uma relação mais forte com esse aumento.
O estudo sugere que embora tanto valores de glicose ou gordura no sangue após uma refeição estejam associados a níveis superiores de inflamação, a gordura no sangue parece ser um preditor mais robusto para a inflamação induzida pela alimentação do que a glicemia .
De acordo com os investigadores do estudo, algumas estratégias poderão ajudar a diminuir o impacto da inflamação após uma refeição:
- Controlar as respostas prejudiciais à gordura no sangue, escolhendo alimentos integrais que são mais ricos em fibras e proteínas magras, aumentando a ingestão de gorduras ómega-3 saudáveis de fontes como nozes e sementes ou peixe e reduzindo a gordura corporal geral;
- Controlar as respostas prejudiciais ao açúcar no sangue escolhendo alimentos que contenham hidratos de carbono complexos e fibras, como grãos integrais, frutas e vegetais, e limitando alimentos processados com açúcar e refrigerantes;
- Reduzir a inflamação depois da ingestão escolhendo alimentos que são ricos em moléculas bioativas “anti-inflamatórias”, como polifenóis, encontrados em frutas e vegetais coloridos e outros alimentos de origem vegetal;
- Conhecer a biologia individual e escolher alimentos com menor probabilidade de causar respostas prejudiciais à gordura ou açúcar no sangue após a ingestão.
A alimentação poderá ter um papel importante na regulação da inflamação crónica. Têm sido desenvolvidos vários instrumentos para medir o potencial inflamatório da dieta, tal como o Índice Inflamatório Alimentar (IIA). Uma meta-análise a 9 estudos prospetivos com 134067 participantes no total baseado no IIA chegou a resultados semelhantes. Os participantes com um IIA mais elevado (dieta mais inflamatória), tiveram:
- Risco 22% superior de mortalidade total;
- Risco 24% superior de mortalidade por doença cardiovascular;
- Risco 28% superior de mortalidade por cancro;
- Risco 32% superior de doença cardiovascular.
A meta-análise concluiu que dietas mais inflamatórias (com um IIA elevado) estão de forma independente associadas a um risco superior de mortalidade total, por doença cardiovascular, por cancro e de doença cardiovascular .
A relação entre a alimentação e o stress oxidativo também tem sido avaliada. Um desses instrumentos é o NEAC (capacidade antioxidante não enzimática), o qual estima o conteúdo total de antioxidantes de uma determinada dieta . Uma dieta inflamatória é geralmente caracterizada por um consumo elevado de hidratos de carbono refinados, carnes vermelhas e processadas e gordura saturada. Por outro lado, uma dieta antioxidantes é rica em vegetais, leguminosas, frutos e frutos secos. Alguns alimentos e componentes com potencial anti-inflamatório, de acordo com o IIA :
- Açafrão-das-Índias;
- Fibra;
- Beta-caroteno;
- Flavonóides;
- Ómega-3;
- Magnésio;
- Vitaminas C, D, E;
- Alho;
- Cebola.
Os componentes mais inflamatórios são:
- Gorduras saturadas;
- Gorduras hidrogenadas;
- Farinhas refinadas;
- Açúcares adicionados.
Outro instrumento que permite estimar o potencial anti-inflamatório dos alimentos é o Índice de Dieta Anti-inflamatória (IDAI). O IDAI é um índice validado que inclui 20 alimentos ou grupos de alimentos . Alguns dos alimentos com potencial anti-inflamatório:
- Frutos e vegetais (>6 porções/dia);
- Leguminosas (>6 porções/semana);
- Frutos secos (>2 porções/semana);
- Pão integral (>2 porções/dia);
- Chocolate (>1 porções/dia);
- Fruta seca (>0,5 porções/dia);
- Chá (>3 porções/dia);
- Café (>2 porções/dia);
- Infusão de ervas (>0,5 porções/dia);
- Azeite e óleo de colza (>0 porções/dia);
- Linhaça (>2 porções/semana).
Alimentos com potencial inflamatório:
- Carne vermelha (<0,5 porções/dia);
- Carne processada (<0,5 porções/dia);
- Carne de órgãos (0 porções/dia);
- Batatas fritas (0 porções/dia);
- Refrigerantes (0 porções/dia).
Um estudo prospetivo que acompanhou 68273 participantes ao longo de 16 anos mostrou que aqueles que fizeram uma dieta mais anti-inflamatória tiveram um risco inferior de mortalidade. Para o estudo foi utilizado o índice de dieta anti-inflamatória (IDAI). Entre aqueles um IDAI mais elevado, foram observados os seguintes resultados:
- Diminuição de 18% no risco de mortalidade total (31% no caso de fumadores);
- Diminuição de 20% no risco de mortalidade por doença cardiovascular (36% no caso de fumadores);
- Diminuição de 13% no risco de mortalidade por cancro (22% no caso de fumadores);
- Não fumadores com um IDAI mais elevado viveram em média mais 4,6 anos do que fumadores com um IDAI baixo.
O estudo concluiu que uma dieta anti-inflamatória poderá diminuir o risco de mortalidade total, por doença cardiovascular e por cancro, além de prolongar o tempo de vida, especialmente entre fumadores .
Além disso, um estudo de caso controlo com 3419 casos e 4933 controlos sugere que uma dieta inflamatória poderá aumentar o risco de cancro colorretal. Alguns resultados do estudo:
- Valores de IIA elevados (dieta inflamatória) estiveram associados a um risco 93% superior de cancro colorretal;
- Valores de IIA elevados e valores de NEAC baixos estiveram associado a um risco 48% superior de cancro colorretal.
O estudo conclui que uma dieta inflamatória e baixa em antioxidantes poderá aumentar o risco de cancro colorretal .
Especiarias como o açafrão-das-Índias, gengibre ou canela, além de acrescentarem sabor aos alimentos, poderão também ter benefícios para a saúde devido à presença de vários compostos bioativos, muito deles com propriedades anti-inflamatórias. Acrescentar pelo menos 6g de especiarias a uma refeição rica em gordura saturada e hidratos de carbono refinados poderá atenuar os efeitos desta na inflamação pós-prandial em pessoas com excesso de peso, o que poderá diminuir o risco de doenças cardiovasculares ao diminuir a inflamação crónica de baixo-grau.
Uma dieta de base vegetal saudável, com frutos, vegetais, leguminosas, cereais integrais, frutos secos, sementes, complementada com gorduras insaturadas, especiarias, ervas aromáticas, chá, cacau e linhaça é naturalmente anti-inflamatória e antioxidante, reduzindo assim o risco de mortalidade e de doenças crónicas.
Referências:
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